FUNDAMENTALS OF IoT

                                Today the Internet has become ubiquitous, has touched almost every corner of the globe, and is affecting human life in unimaginable ways.  We are now entering an era of even more pervasive connectivity where a very wide variety of appliances will be connected to the web.  One year after the past edition of the Clusterbook 2012 it can be clearly statedthat the Internet of Things (IoT) has reached many different players and gainedfurther recognition. Out of the potential Internet of Things application areas,Smart Cities (and regions), Smart Car and mobility, Smart Home and assistedliving, Smart Industries, Public safety, Energy & environmental protection,Agriculture and Tourism as part of a future IoT Ecosystem (Figure 1.1) haveacquired high attention.

                                               We are entering an era of the “Internet of Things” (abbreviated as IoT).There are 2 definitions: First one is defined by Vermesan and second by Pe˜na-L´opez 1. The Internet of Things as simply an interaction between the physical and digital worlds. The digital world interacts with the physical world using a plethora of sensors and actuators. 2. Another is the Internet of Things is defined as a paradigm in which computing and networking capabilities are embedded in any kind of conceivable object.  We use these capabilities to query the state of the object and to change its state if possible. 

                                            In common parlance, the Internet of Things refers to a new kind of world where almost all the devices and appliances that we use are connected to a network. We can use them collaboratively to achieve complex tasks that require a high degree of intelligence. For this intelligence and interconnection, IoT devices are equipped with embedded sensors, actuators, processors, and ran sceivers.  IoT is not a single technology; rather it is of various technologies that work together intandem. Sensors and actuators are devices, which help in interacting with the physical environment. The data collected by the sensors has to be stored and processed intelligently in order to derive useful inferences from it.  Note that we broadly define the term sensor; a mobile phone or even a microwave oven can count as a sensor as long as it provides inputs about its current state (internal state + environment).  An actuator is advice that is used to effect a change in the environment such as the temperature controller of an air conditioner. The storage and processing of data can be done on the edge of the network itself or in a remote server. If any pre processing of data is possible, then it is typically done at either the sensor or some other proximate device. The processed data is then typically sent to a remote server. 

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